L.L. Bean Item forecasting case study Essay Example

L.L. Bean Item anticipating contextual analysis Paper Harvard Business School 9-893-003 Rev. September 7, 1993 L. L. Bean, Inc. Thing Forecasting and Inventory Management When you request a thing from a L. L. Bean inventory and were unavailable, Im the person to fault. What's more, in the event that we wind up selling a lot of womens fleece cashmere jackets, its my flaw. Nobody sees how intense it is. Imprint Fasold, Vice President† Inventory Management, was portraying the test of thing anticipating at L. L. Bean. Anticipating request at the total level is a bit of cake†if were running low on desires, we Just dunk further into our client list and convey some more atalogs. Yet, we need to choose what number of chamois shirts and what number of chino pants to purchase, and if were excessively high on one and excessively low on different, its no comfort to realize that we were spot on by and large. Top administration comprehends this on a basic level, yet they are justifiably upset that blunders at the thing level are so huge. In a list professional our own, you truly catch request. That is the uplifting news. The awful news is, you realize what a lousy Job youre doing attempting to coordinate interest with gracefully. Dislike that in a retail establishment, state, where a client ay come in searching for a dress shirt and lets the showcase of accessible shirts create the interest for a specific thing. Or on the other hand if a client has some specific thing as a primary concern yet its not accessible, the individual in question may Just leave the store. In a retail chain you never know the genuine interest or the outcomes of understocking. Be that as it may, in our business each deal is produced by a client requesting a specific thing, either via mail or by telephone. In the event that we havent got it, and the client drops the request, we know it. Rol Fessenden, Manager†Inventory Systems, included: We realize that figure blunders are unavoidable. Rivalry, the economy, climate are altogether factors. Be that as it may, request at the thing level is likewise influenced by client conduct, which is difficult to foresee, or even to clarify everything considered. Now and again some thing takes off and turns into a runaway, far surpassing our interest figures. Now and again we can distinguish the pattern at an early stage and, with a helpful seller, get more item fabricated in a rush and pursue request; more often than not, in any case, the wanderers leave us Just dismissing clients. We will compose a custom article test on L.L. Bean Item determining contextual investigation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on L.L. Bean Item determining contextual analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on L.L. Bean Item determining contextual analysis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Furthermore, for each out of control, theres a canine thing that sells route beneath desires and that you couldnt even offer away to clients. Yearly expenses of lost deals and delay purchases were minimalistically assessed to be $11 million; costs related with having a lot of an inappropriate stock were an extra $10 million. This case was set up by Professor Arthur Schleifer, Jr. as the reason for class conversation instead of to show either compelling or inadequate treatment of a managerial circumstance. Copyright 1992 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To arrange duplicates or solicitation consent to replicate materials, call 1-800-545-7685, compose Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to ttp://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No piece of this distribution might be imitated, put away in a recovery framework, utilized in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any structure or by any means†electronic, mechanical, copying, recording, or otherwise†without the authorization of Harvard Business School. 893-003 L. L. Bean Background In 1912 Leon Leonwood Bean imagined the Maine Hunting Shoe (a mix of lightweight calfskin uppers and elastic bottoms). He got a rundown of alien Maine chasing permit holders, arranged an engaging mail-request roundabout, set up jump in his siblings storm cellar in Freeport, Maine, and began an across the country mail-request business. The introduction of the U. S. Post Offices household bundle post administration in that year gave a methods for conveying requests to clients. At the point when L. L. Bean kicked the bucket in 1967, at 94 years old, deals had reached $4. 75 million, his organization utilized 200 individuals, and a yearly index was dispersed to a mailing rundown of 600,000 individuals. L. L. s Golden Rule had been Sell acceptable product at a sensible benefit, treat your clients like people, and theyll consistently return for additional. At the point when Leon Gorman, L. L. s grandson, succeeded him as president in 1967, he tried to grow and modernize the business without going astray from his granddads Golden Rule. By 1991, L. L. Bean, Inc. as a significant cataloger, maker, and retailer in the outside brandishing strength field: Catalog deals in 1990 were $528 million, with an extra $71 million in deals from the companys 50,000 square-foot retail location in Freeport. Twenty-two distinct lists (frequently alluded to as books by organization employees)†114 million pieces in all†were sent that year. There were 6,000,000 dynamic clients. The mail-request business had been providing approach to phone arranges after the organization introduced across the nation 800 assistance in 1986. By 1991, 80% of all requests came in by phone. Major post office based mail contenders included Lands End, Eddie Bauer, Talbots, and Orvis. A 1991 Consumer Reports review on consumer loyalty with mail-request organizations discovered L. L. Bean heading the rundown for generally speaking fulfillment in each class for which they offered stock. In clarifying why L. L. Bean had not extended its retail tasks past the one store in Freeport, Leon Gorman differentiated the direct-arketing (inventory) and retail organizations. The two methodologies require altogether different sorts of the board. Mail-request advertisers are diagnostic, quantitatively arranged. Retailers must be inventive, limited time, pizzazzy, stock situated. Its extreme to gather one supervisory group that can deal with the two capacities. 1 Product Lines L. L. Beans product offering was grouped progressively (see Exhibit 1). At the most significant level of accumulation were Merchandise Groups: mens and womens extras, mens and womens clothing, mens and womens footwear, outdoors hardware, and so forth. Inside each Group were Demand Centers; for example, womens clothing had as Demand Centers weave shirts, sweaters, pants, skirts, Jackets and pullovers, and so forth. Each Demand Center was additionally separated into Item Sequences; for instance, womens sweaters comprised of Midnight Mesa Handknit Cardigans, Indian Point Pullovers, Lambswool Turtlenecks, and around twenty different items. Thing Sequences were additionally separated into singular things, recognized fundamentally by shading; it was at this thing level that conjectures must be given and, at last, buy duties must be made. Around 6,000 things showed up in some of the inventories that were given over the span of a year. 1 L. L. Bean, Inc. Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business School Case (581-159), 1981. 21tems were additionally separated by size into stock-keeping units, or SWs. This was finished by applying standard size-dissemination breakdowns. Albeit an improper appropriation could prompt inordinate stock of certain sizes and stockouts of others, the board concern was coordinated to the thing level, since there was no proof of a superior framework than expecting that the conveyance of interest by size would carry on in the uture as it had before, and would be indistinct starting with one thing then onto the next. Things were likewise grouped into three occasional classes (spring, fall, and all year), and into two extra classifications (new or never out) that depicted whether the thing was an ongoing or increasingly lasting individual from the companys contributions, and therefore portrayed the measure of authentic interest information accessible for the thing. The Bean Catalogs The major catalogs†spring, summer, fall, and Christmas†each turned out in a few adaptations. A full list, running from 116 to 152 pages, went to Beans customary ustomers. A littler possibility list was circled to expected clients; it contained fundamentally a subset of things from the full index. (Bean recognized such possibility clients in an assortment of ways, for instance, through the acquisition of mailing records, or by recording beneficiaries of endowments from other Bean clients. ) also, various strength catalogs†Spring Weekend, Summer Camp, Fly Fishing, and so forth † introduced things that were one of a kind to that list, just as certain things found in the significant indexes. There was some cover available for use: the best ustomers got practically all the inventories, and those clients known, through past buying conduct, to be keen on different claims to fame may get a proper forte inventory notwithstanding the occasional full indexes. Thing Forecasting Each list had an incubation time of around nine months, and its creation included promoting, plan, item, and stock experts. For instance, the underlying conceptualization for the Fall, 1991 season started in October, 1990. Starter gauges of all out deals for each list were made in December. Item administrators eveloped fundamental thing gauges by book in the December, 1990 to March, 1991 time span. Format and pagination of the books started in January, 1991. Beginning duties to merchants were made in January and February. In the ensuing months, as the inventories came to fruition, thing gauges were over and over overhauled lastly solidified by May 1. By early July a high contrast form of the format was accessible inside. Now, the item chiefs gave off their product offering to the stock administrators. The finished Fall 1991 lists were in the possession of clients around August 1 . As the list

How To Mention The Song Of Solomon In An Essay Mla Example For Students

The most effective method to Mention The Song Of Solomon In An Essay Mla During the time numerous creators have endeavored to catch the people journey for self-legitimacy. In the novel Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison delineates the numerous parts of self-realization, just as the tormenting street that prompts the forming of a person. Through lovely language, with massive reality, she can depict youthful dark keeps an eye on venture as he reveals his own history, legend, and pith. The story spins around ages, over a significant time span, of a dark family in the south. The character of Milkman (Macon Dead jr.) advances through the portrayals, occasions, and encounters of others. His folks, Macon Dead sr., and Ruth Foster Dead, speak to the divider blocking Milkman from his actual bona fide personality. A significant number of Milkmans serious issues are an immediate consequence of his folks choking out errors. Ruth bosom took care of Milkman until he was six years of age, henceforth the name Milkman. She was explicitly quelled by her better half for a long time, and utilized her young child as a substitute for sexual closeness. Ruth accepted that she had no legitimacy, and that she was unimportant and secluded. By passing these negative credits and feelings to Milkman she upset his characteristic procedure for development, and at last left him feeling lost and uncertain. Rather than urging Milkman to develop and develop, Ruth accumulated him into the world tha t she herself detested. Milkmans father, Macon Dead sr., turned into a savage cash dog after his dad, Jake, was shot and executed for his property. This staggering occasion from his youth made him parsimonious, uncaring, and closefisted. Macon Dead sr. turns into a cash hungry machine since he wouldn't like to endure a similar destiny as his dad. Macon Dead sr. neglects to reveal to Milkman the explanations for his tightfisted mentality. In this way making an unfavorable hole between their relationship. Milkmans mother and father both push their own feelings of dread on him adding to the devastation of his own personality. Simply after Milkman reveals these tribulations behind his folks personalities, would he be able to start his journey for self-legitimacy. By dislodging the significant impact Milkmans guardians have on his journey for self-completion, Morrison can pass on her subject of generational clash. Without proper parental direction, trustworthiness, and clarification Milkman experiences difficulty finding the valid individual inside himself. The internal unrest inside both Ruth and Macon Dear sr. reflects contrarily upon Milkman, leaving him lost and unfocused. Morrison composes of this opening inside Ruth, on the grounds that the truth of the matter is that I am a little lady. I dont mean nearly nothing; I mean little, and Im little since I was squeezed little. (p. 124) Instead of tolerating the issues with their own legitimacy, the two guardians power their unauthentic qualities on Milkman. The domineering needs of the two guardians bring about Milkmans need to locate his own Identity in different spots, others. The person who initially rouses Milkman to find his own personality is Pilate, the illegal sister of Macon Dead sr. She is a secretive lady, enormous, manly, and startling. Her sibling deserted her following quite a while of help since she started making wine. Macon Dead sr. this plastered calling, and therefore restrict Milkman to experience her. In spite of his dads wishes Milkman is fascinated by Pilate and rapidly gets assimilated in her mystical, profound, satisfying world. This was a similar world that once held his dad in wonder. Morrison composes, giving up to the sound, Macon drew nearer. He needed no discussion, no whiteness, just to tune in and maybe to see them three, the wellspring of that music that made him consider fields and of wild turkey and calico. (P.29) By going into Pilates home Milkman starts to address why his dad demonstrations the manner in which he does. Through Pilate, Milkman finds a past that appears to be lost inside his dad. This acknowledgment begi!n s Milkmans mission for self-validness. .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .postImageUrl , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:hover , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:visited , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:active { border:0!important; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:active , .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u081cc7095e a0505bbf210e31587003de .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u081cc7095ea0505bbf210e31587003de:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: IMPACT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS ON THE AVIATION INDUSTRY EssayMilkmans trip to personality takes him numerous spots. He is blessed to have a companion, Guitar, who is additionally lost, and chasing for his real personality. The two seek after undertakings and their differentiating characters leave them mind ha wide point of view on occasions and encounters. While Milkman appears to be calm, graceful, nearly discovering his true self. Guitar is anxious, active, and mindful of his needs. Morrison makes Pilate as an allegory for a pilot, managing Milkman through his mission. The way that she has no navel adds to the possibilit y that she is a lady without any roots. This makes her a lady with no unique, self-completed character, adding to her allure for both Milkman and Guitar. In his endeavor to get away from the universe of his folks, Milkman discovers there past. He visits Danville and Shalimar, the two spots of otherworldly legacy. Here he gains from different characters, the occasions that molded his folks past, and consequently their folks before them. He is attracted to these accounts as they feed him with data about his missing character. He is particularly attracted to Circe, the puzzling sorceress that spared his dad and Pilate from merciless white landowners. Morrison composes, so when he saw the lady at the highest point of the steps there was no chance to get for him to oppose ascending toward her exceeded hands, her fingers spread wide for him, her mouth expanding open for him, her eyes eating up him. (P.239) Circe, Pilate, and the men from his dads past, furnish Milkman with the fundamental help, solace and character missing from his youth. He starts to comprehend and value his legacy. Anything missing from his childhood is currently subbed b y eve!nts from previous eras. Life is basically more obvious, in light of the fact that his point of view is more extensive and all the more satisfying. At long last, Milkman isn't totally content with the data he has picked up on his mission. Anyway he had revealed numerous puzzles and fears about his legacy, and past, and got settled with how he became. Milkman found things about his folks connections, and in the process found himself. By wandering into the obscure he got mindful of a considerable lot of the angles that make up his very own realness. In the novel Song of Solomon, Toni Morrison investigates the occasions that shape youthful keeps an eye on life. She investigates this mission for validness with social concerns, social void, family legacy, racial strains, ravenousness, and love. By contacting such huge numbers of parts of life, Morrison can make a novel of immeasurable scope. With supernatural dreams and otherworldly characters she encompasses the peruser in a world interesting and ground-breaking, painting an unchangeable image of a period long past. However her topics are so all inclusive and very much completed that her story appears to exist in a period neither past nor present. For the present he recognize what Shalimar knew: If you gave up to the air, you could ride it. (P337) Morrison composes an uplifting story and really catches the pith of a mission for a credible personality.

An actual day in the life

An actual day in the life (This seemed like a really good idea for an entry when I was on my bike coming home from cheerleading. If you disagree dont tell me. Ill be sad.) Since the stated purpose of the blogs is to introduce prospectives to a day in the life of an MIT student, I have rather uncreatively decided to present An Actual Day in My Life, Fall 2005 Version. 8:15 The alarm goes off after about seven hours of sleep. I hit snooze, because who gets up with the first alarm anyway? 8:24 The alarm goes off again. I smack Adam and ask when he wants me to get him up (he cant get up by himself), then sit down at the computer and turn on my (illegal but oh-so-warm) space heater. (Um, hopefully no one from Housing reads the blogs.) 8:30-9:10 Check CC, everybodys blogs, Google News, and a bunch of LiveJournal communities. I get dressed in my MIT Cheer shirt with a really cheerleadery ponytail and red ribbon. Its just that kind of day. 9:15 I hit up Macgregor Convenience for my morning Froot Loops and 20 oz. Mountain Dew. The best part of waking up is 92 mg. of caffeine in your bloodstream! (I actually did research freshman year to determine what drink I was willing to consume contained the highest concentration of caffeine. Mountain Dew won, and I drink it religiously.) 9:20-9:30 Bike across campus from W61 to 56. Its cold outside. 9:35-10:55 Attend 9.15 (biochemistry/pharmacology of synaptic transmission) lecture. Professor Wurtman is happy with the class performance on last Thursdays midterm. The lecture is about the biosynthesis, effects, and metabolism of melatonin. 10:56-11:03 Run to the building 56 Athena cluster to check email and print readings for classes later today. 11:05-11:55 21A.100 (intro to anthropology) lecture. Professor Paxson is discussing the influence of culture on the individual. I am trying to get Adam to stop studying for his 16.06 test and start listening to Professor Paxson. I am unsuccessful. 11:56-12:08 I wait in line for, order, and purchase a cheese sandwich at the Stata Centers Forbes Cafe. I like cheese sandwiches. 12:10-12:55 I attend recitation for 5.60 (thermo). There are about ten students in my section, and our TA makes sure all of us speak up and have our questions heard. Who says you dont get personal attention at research universities? I leave with some juicy pset hints. 12:56-1:00 I meet with anthropology professor Christine Walley to get my HASS concentration form filled out. Youre supposed to do this by the end of sophomore year. Im running a little behind. 1:01 While walking out of Professor Walleys office, I very nearly run into 21A.260 Professor James head-on because Im busy scrutinizing the 5.60 pset my TA has just returned to me. She gives me an odd look and tells me shell be right down to class. (I think perhaps she thinks Im a little spacy. Perhaps shes right.) 1:05-2:25 21A.260, Culture, Embodiment, and the Senses. Professor James has assigned us one of her own papers to read. We are all wisely complimentary to her paper. (I think she actually was looking for criticisms, as the paper is due to be published soon. But were nice kids.) We discuss family dynamics in rural France and the effect of bewitching on these dynamics. Its a small class (seven students), so theres always plenty of time to have your points heard. 2:26 I run into Akhil, the only other person to have ever been admitted to MIT from my high school. He graduated in my high school class, but he zipped through his bachelors in three years and is now working on his masters in EECS. We discuss happenings in our lives. He comments on my recently dyed hair. Its nice to have people youve known since sixth grade who also understand your MIT life. 2:30-6:00 Lab time! Today I am miniprepping plasmid DNA from E. coli, digesting the minipreps with restriction enzymes, running the digested DNA on a gel, and choosing nice-looking plasmids for transfection into COS7 cells. (The plasmid contains DNA which codes for my favorite protein as well as GFP; cells which express my protein will glow green under fluorescent light.) If this is all Greek to you, I suggest this site also check out the extremely sexy Flash movies of DNA replication and protein synthesis! My postdoc and I discuss the state of our project and what I need to do over the next week or so. 6:35 I arrive home to find dinner on the table. Hooray for boyfriends who can cook! (It was only pasta and garlic bread. But it was still homemade!) 7:00-7:45 Check all my websites again. Sit in the lounge and chat with various D-Entry residents. Change into cheerleading clothes. 8:00-10:00 Cheerleading practice. At this practice, two girls get bashed in the face while stunting, I manage to discombobulate the tiny bones in my wrist, and we all get general bangs, bruises, and muscle pain. On the upside, several of the flyers are getting really nice twist crades. 10:05-11:54 Check websites. Update blog. 11:55-12:10 VERY hot shower, hopefully. Due to a water main break in Cambridge, the dorms hot water has been finicky for the past few days. I am crossing my fingers that the water is at least 50 degrees C I am tired and my muscles are sore. 12:15-1:00 Finish up 5.60 pset. (Edit, for Augustus sake below: I had already worked on the pset Monday and Wednesday nights for about three hours each!) Get sick of working on pset and check websites again. 1:00 Sleep? Edit, 12:24 AM (because the shower actually took until 12:20 since the water was, in fact, oh so hot): I forgot to say that I am jealous of leftcoast moms intellectual energy in comparison to the apathy of my mother. Still, in my moms defense, shes a sixth-grade teacher, so the closest she comes to teaching about phase changes and entropy is when she talks about the fact that water can be a solid, a liquid, and a gas!

The Portrayal of Brutus as a Tragic Hero in William...

The Portrayal of Brutus as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar Throughout the works of Shakespeare, tragedy has always been a vital foundation and a key to his immense successes. His fine mastery of the art became legendary amongst the audiences that watched his various plays. Romeo and Juliet is a prime example of the tragedy he could combine into a stage performance. An Irish poet named Oscar Wilde who was a novelist, dramatist and critic in the late eighteen hundreds once wrote, There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it. This has an exact correlation to the play Julius Caesar where the tragedy lies in the greed of a†¦show more content†¦Though the letter is simple and only two lines, it sparks the questions needed to be raised in order to get beneath the unwavering loyalties that he is shown to carry. In the lines that read, â€Å"Brutus, thou sleep’st: awake’. Such instigations have often been dropp’d where I have took them up† (lines 48-49), and, â€Å"Shall Rome stand under one man’s awe? What Rome?† (line 52), it is apparent that the few words the letter carried have created doubt in Brutus’ mind. The fact that Brutus is so appealing to the audience is a mixture of emotions stirred within each person watching the play. It is comprehendible and probable that Shakespeare’s ambition was to connect this character to the everyday temptations and conscientious objecting that every person goes through. Although this has been extremely dramatised, people can familiarise with Brutus’ predicament as they have at least once in their lives faced a temptation for which they have most probably given in to. In Act 1 Scene 2, lines 82-89 it provides the loose fibre in the strength of Brutus’ loyalty, but also shows the torment inside of this character facing the brutal reality of his own thoughts and feelings, a classic example being, â€Å"I would not, Cassius; yet I love him well†. It presents the fractured reasoning of the human mind; the inability to come to a threatening conclusion against all

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Ducks

Effects of Roman Architecture Free Essays

string(114) " featured arches with Ionic columns and the third one consisted of a wall with pilasters in the Corinthian Order\." It was an art of shaping space around ritual, it sought identity and fulfillment in the performance and creation, it was their way of reducing chaos, it was used to show their newly developed building skills, it was to â€Å"romanize† their country and set it apart from others. What was the reasoning for making such extraordinary structures? From the beginning of the use of â€Å"the arch† to the construction of huge public places such as the Roman arena. There’s a reason why thousands of people visit these places every year, something so amazing that keep’s our attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Roman Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s the beauty, or the concept of building these, or maybe the idea of designing such complex structures. The detail is tremendously in depth also, they truly cared about what they were doing. We here the quote said by John Heywood when being lectured about hard work, â€Å"Rome was not built in a day. †7 And it’s so very true. We today are amazed in how and why they would do it. The effects on today are tremendous. If you were to look down your street you would see so many uses of Roman Architecture. Columns? So simple but still so elegant. Domes? Such an amazing architectural design. Arches? Gave a whole new meaning to an open-looking building. Before Roman style came we had other styles including; Prehistoric which did not inspire much besides stone circles and Ancient Egypt which gave us the beautiful pyramids. Besides that, the Romans were the first to really break through. Which is what they wanted, wanting to be known by all. Roman Architecture effected the future’s idea on structure, design and the ability to obtain power by it’s beauty, it’s structure, and it’s uses. So what was the reasoning of making these structures? To show all the power they had, to show what they could do themselves. The English author Goethe once said, â€Å"Dream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men. †2 Proving that they were the ones that were smart enough to come up with this. Not only did they make them to show everyone, they used them. They were used daily and stayed intact. They’re still intact today! 4 So many designs that helped the future come up with more and more complex ideas. Producing such massive, creative, and beautiful designs made people come and sit in ah. The year is 2009 and guess who is still coming and sitting in ah, we are. The poet Friedrich von Schelling once said, â€Å"Architecture in general is rozen music. †1 And music in general is a beautiful thing. Beauty is a big factor in attracting attention. If something is that beautiful, people will take the effort to take a double look. Romans took this into account and used it to their advantage. Take the Pantheon for example, simply amazing. It’s thought by many to be almost perfect in interior design. The light pours through the aperture in the coffered dome, and creates a mystical atmosphere in the windowless building. From afar you see the massive dome, the octastyle porch and a rectangular feature connecting the two. There are also eight granite columns, six of them being original. 4 The two replacement columns were made of a reddish granite, almost identical. The inside is what is really amazing, you first walk up to the porch which is made of all marble and granite. The two stones were arranged in a pattern of circles and rectangles. You then enter the â€Å"entranceway† where you see that it is framed by pilasters of white marble. To get into the rotunda you enter through huge doors made of bronze that are connected by wooden planks, attached again by bronze nails. When first stepping into the rotunda your eye goes directly to â€Å"the eye†. â€Å"The eye†, or the all-powerful eye, is a round piece of glass on the direct top of the dome. It gives off a fair amount of light and in the Roman’s perspective, keeps an eye on all visitors. 7 Thomas Fuller a British author once said â€Å"Light, God’s eldest daughter, is a principal beauty in a building. †2 The Rotunda also has an unbelievable amount of statues, columns, and detailed stoned etchings. The ground their is also arranged with alternating circles and squares of colored marbles and granites. What’s amazing is the craftsmanship that was put into every piece of art the Roman’s produced, and the time it took to make them. William Sutton once said, â€Å"Success in any endeavor requires single-minded attention to detail and total concentration. †9 Like the Colosseum’s hundreds of beautiful arches and the detail involved in each square. Or the beautiful rounded look they created for their theaters. Or the amazing etchings in the Monumental Arch. And who could forget about the baths! The creative, soothing paintings and the marble lined utilities were enough to ease the mind. Beauty, if used wisely, can lead to power. Power is what the Romans craved for and power is what was perceived from the outsider, they won. The structure of every building they ever erected was just amazing. Without their help the idea of theatre seating may not have even happened. The theatre has always meant so much throughout history, Oscar Wilde once said, â€Å"I regard the theatre as the greatest of all forms, the most immediate way in which a human being can share with another the sense of what is is to be a human being. †3 Take the Theatre of Marcellus for example. The theatre is 111 m. n diameter and could originally hold 11,000 spectators. 2 The theatre was built mainly of tuff and concrete faced with stones in the pattern known as opus reticulatum, then completely plastered in white travertine. 5 It also consisted of three levels supported by columns. Each level had a different architectural style: the first level had arches supported by columns in the Doric Order, the second featured arches with Ionic columns and the third one consisted of a wall with pilasters in the Corinthian Order. You read "Effects of Roman Architecture" in category "Essay examples" 8 Only parts of the first two levels are still visible today but their design withstood years and years of usage. The Roman’s also used the idea of the arch and developed into the vault. The simplest kind of vault is a barrel vault, it’s generally semicircle in shape and has a continuous arch, the length being greater than its diameter. 4 Rings are placed in position one at a time while the timber supports are taken out. With a barrel vault, the temporary support is then shifted on to support the next rings. 6 You had to take so many steps to get the final structure. And did they know it was going to work? They’re the Roman’s, they can do anything. Maybe they took a few test trials though. Two kids received identical play houses. One kid brought fake pots and little plastic food to play with. The other kid brought a toy gun and plastic tools to play with. Which kid would you assume has power of the other? The kid with the toy gun of course! The Roman’s not only had amazing, massive structures, they also used them to the max. The Roman’s are known for their spectacular public baths. The most famous being Diocletian and the Bath of Caracalla. 3 During this period of time many people did not care much about their hygiene. What they did was create elegant baths for the Roman public. This was never before done, so those looking from the outside would think that pretty important people must live there. The Roman’s also had many temples and tombs to honor certain people. The temples and tombs always looked so exquisite too. So did that mean so many great and powerful people lived in Rome? That’s what they wanted you to think. Josh Billings a humor writer once said, â€Å"You pretty it up, they’ll believe anything you’ll say. †9 The Colosseum is a great example of how the Roman’s used their masterpieces. The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephants, giraffes and ostriches. 1 Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Some contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. 7 There are also accounts of a â€Å"sea battle†, described as being filled with water for a show of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. The way they did things in the Colosseum was very gruesome. They occasionally used condemned people for â€Å"plays† where executions in which the hero of the story was killed in various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death. 6 The poet Anatole Broyard once said, â€Å"Rome was a poem pressed into service as a city. †3 If the Colosseum singly would be a poem it’d be the gruesome, horrid type of poem. Bringing wild animals and having men try to kill them was just a game to watch. What is the rest of the world going to think about Rome when they here what they do for fun? I would be scared. The Colosseum is the pride and joy of the Roman’s. It is the greatest work of Roman Architecture and Roman Engineering. It put together everything they worked for, everything they were good at. It’s the distinct building that everyone knows and remembers. Byron, a historian once said, â€Å"While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall; And when Rome falls, the world. †2 Its beauty, design and usage made everyone believe the Roman’s had the power. The Colosseum is about 620Ãâ€"513 ft. in length and about 165 ft. in height. The internal arena was 287Ãâ€"180 ft. It’s estimated that it could seat 45 to 50,000 spectators and on special occasions the numbers could be as high as 70,000! 4 The skeletal framework consisted of concentric piers and arches and was built of Travertine limestone, these rings were linked with walls. There were also four stories all together, all surrounded with a total of 80 arches. 2 The floor of the arena was made of wood and then covered with sand. Under the arena there was an 18 ft. high basement which stood on cement foundations some 18 ft. thick. The basement is an architectural masterpiece in itself, about as big as the arena itself too. The rooms of the basement were specially constructed to support the show on the stage above but were used for a number of purposes such as keeping animals, medics, gladiators, general supplies and so on. It is known that there was an elevator type device to elevate animals and fighters into the arena from the floors underneath so that they could join in the action when it was their turn. 7 Besides the structural wonderment of the Colosseum, it held so much allure from all points of view. Matthew Arnold is quoted saying, â€Å"I gazed upon the scene with intense and mingled feeling. The world could show nothing greater. â€Å"2 From the thoroughness of every individual arch to the hand crafted statues. There was a definite appeal in this building. Only the great and powerful can do great and powerful things. This is something the Romans believed, and heavily. Being able to build such grand and ravishing buildings proved that they could do great and powerful things. The late Spanish writer, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra once said, â€Å"When thou art at Rome, do as they do at Rome†. 2 Obviously Rome’s â€Å"scare factor† was known to many. Some may think that Roman and Greek architecture are the same concept, but the Roman’s put so much more into their skill. The way they meshed together their artistic abilities and architectural abilities created such a great and powerful bond. Their unbelievable leaps in the architecture ladder should be remembered for a long time, it is very much deserved. Roman Architecture effected the future’s idea on structure, design and the ability to obtain power by it’s beauty, it’s structure, and it’s uses. They wanted to be know, they literally killed for it! The year is 2009 and we remember, congratulations Rome. How to cite Effects of Roman Architecture, Essay examples

An Analysis Of Criminal Justice And Policing Policy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Criminal Justice And Policing Policy. Answer: Introduction The world has been witnessing rising calls for criminal justice reforms in the recent days owing to the extraordinarily huge levels of incarceration witnessed across the world. While the policy (criminal justice and policing policy) has been applied in addressing different types of criminal justice issues, this paper intends to focus on the application of criminal justice and policing policy in the control of drugs and gambling. The two vices have had negative consequences to the society and up today it seems there are not established policies to deal with them effectively. In the discussion, the paper will explore the right criminal justices approaches as well the policing policies that can be adopted to the end the menace contributed by the two anti-social aspects. Wayne (2013, p. 203) wonders why policymakers and regulatory authorities define some activities and human behaviors as being criminal, thus subjecting them to legal sanctions while exempting other similar forms of activities and human behaviors from the definition of a crime. In a seemingly quick response, Baradar and Frank (2012, p. 539) offer an answer by stating that what makes an activity or human behavior constitute a criminal activity is the nature of harm that such an activity or human behavior causes. At this point, the reason for a pause is, is gambling a criminal activity? What harm does it cause? Obviously, there are quite a number of harms in the public domain that can be either directly or indirectly associated with the gambling activity. While gambling is an addiction and not necessarily a crime, it is its association with the elevated rates of the crime of illicit drugs that makes it hard to separate the two. In fact, it is gambling that supersedes illicit drug dealing in most of the cases (Reiner, 2012, p. 117). Most gamblers start as law-abiding citizens for the first few years (or months), but upon the exhaustion of their resources, at a time in which they have generated into problem gamblers, they turn to the crime of drugs. A study conducted by Naughton (2011, p. 43) concluded that income-generating criminal activities were statistically related to the pathological gambling witnessed in the world, with drug ranking the highest. In this study, the researchers compared the different convictions of crimes in the United Kingdom with a relatively corresponding pattern of a random sample drawn from gamblers across the United Kingdom. Besides, another study conducted in Vietnam prisons among 35 women also proved a strong relation between gambling as a social problem in the casinos in Melbourne and the illicit drugs in the area. However, Beck (2015, p. 196) argues that a clear role that gambling plays in contributing to the sale and use of drugs may only be brought out in the light of the knowledge of the other kinds of addictions (noting that gambling is an addiction) and their associated patterns of crimes. Based, on the two researches, this paper attests that gambling causes harm to the society. The author, Carol (2012, p. 124), notes that drug and gambling have been described to constitute the problem of law and order.' But one wonders what the description of the problem of law and order' really means. Different authorities, scholars, and analysts offer differing explanations on the roots of drugs and gambling as a social problem and Bushway, and Emily (2013, p. 318) attributes the difference in the explanations to the fact that all problems rest on theories. As such, it depends on the approach that one uses to describe or analyze the social problem. For instance, economists base their argument on the rationality and self-interest of the crime where they argue that such an individual will cease pursuing crime should the cost of the crime surpass the benefit. On the other hand, sociologists argue that the social environment in which the individuals who turn out to be the victims operates places them in an arguably structurally strained and disorganized setting; which pressur es them to pursue the criminal activity. Policy analysts, in high contrast to the two explanations above, advocate that the inequity in the construction and application of laws brew the criminals. Despite all these explanations, there arise situations in which no specific explanation fits in describing the situation. For instance, a closer analysis of gambling shows that individuals who generate clean wealth through legally recognized methods serve as gambling greatest victims. Do they turn to the drug after exhausting their resources? Some dont (Beckett and Alexes, 2011, p. 512). A more challenging situation arises due to the fact that, owing to the difference in the theoretical approaches to drug and crime as a social problem, there exist key areas of departure in the policy recommendations that each approach generates. Going by the description above; economists advocate for a punitive and a deterring remedy while sociologists favor the expansion of the legitimate opportunities in the economy and equity to solve the problem. In contrast, political analysts encourage a societal reorganization such that wealth is equitably distributed and justice system moves from responding to class power to limiting harm (Braga et al., 2014, p. 650). All the policy recommendations are not, however, with key limitations due to the assumptions that each approach considers. The drug crime and gambling as a social problem being as a result of the inequity in the society is mistaken when considering the fact that wealthy individuals do gamble. The key question at this point would be what the best policy approach to drug and gambling is a social problem? Dansky (2016, p. 64) argues that a suitable approach should act as a double-edged sword; one side aimed at punishment and deterrence and the other aimed at rehabilitation and reintegration. No single side of the sword' would prove effective as it has been witnessed by the two different media publication with one advocating for the use of prisons to deter/stop crime and the other arguing that tough crime laws and punishment serve to fail (Boylan and Naci, 2013, p. 579). With each article basing their argument on well-reasoned arguments, it becomes hard to choose the suitable approach hence the need to blend the two given the fact that a punitive approach through prisons brews more crime' and a rehabilitative approach reduces deterrence. Conclusion Although gambling has been associated with several social-related problems, the crime of illicit drugs serves as the most prominent. Besides, while no policy approach to a social problem serves as a ready-to-drink solution its inarguably true that the policy intervention that would go the greatest deal to solving the dilemma would be the most suitable. This calls for the intervention of the criminal justice system and society at large to establish policies that are capable controlling and precenting the gambling activities. References Bacchi, Carol. 2014. Analysing Policy. Whats the problem represented to be? Pearson Australia Baradaran, Shima and Frank, McIntyre. 2012. Predicting Violence. Texas Law Review 90 (1): 497-570. Beck, Allen. 2015. Use of Restrictive Housing in U.S. Prisons and Jails, 2011-12. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Beckett, Katherine and Alexes, Harris. 2011. On cash and conviction: Monetary sanctions as misguided policy. Criminology Public Policy 10(3): 509-537. Boylan, Richard T., and Naci Mocan. 2013. "Intended and Unintended Consequences of Prison Reform." The Journal of Law and Economics 30(3): 558-586. Braga, Anthony, Andrew Papachristos and David Hureau. 2014. The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Justice Quarterly 31(4): 633-663. Bushway, Shawn D., and Emily G. Owens. 2013. "Framing Punishment: Incarceration, Recommended Sentences, and Recidivism." Journal of Law Economics 56(2): 301-331. Dansky, Kara. 2016. Local Democratic Oversight of Police Militarization. Harvard Law Review 10: 59-75. Naughton, M., 2011. How the Presumption of Innocence Renders the Innocent Vulnerable to Wrongful ConvictionsIrish Journal of Legal Studies, 2(1): 40-54. Reiner, Morgan. (eds), 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (5th Edition) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wayne Morrison, in Hale, C., et al., (eds), 2013. What is Crime? Contrasting definitions and Perspectives, Criminology, Oxford: OUP.

Compare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth Essay Example

Compare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth Paper Michelle Cardwell English Literature – Understanding Literature Compare Contrast the use of ‘horror’ in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein The gothic horror genre is a favourite for many readers. We love the suspense and mystery, the desperation, the doom and gloom, the claustrophobia, even the blood. But most of all we love the fear the feeling we get that gives us pathos with the protagonist that keeps us on the edge of our seats and propels us to turn the page. How do Shelley and Shakespeare provoke our reactions when reading Macbeth (Shakepeare,1606) and Frankenstein (Shelley, 1818)? When comparing and contrasting the two texts an awareness of the different formats is necessary: Macbeth is a play and Frankenstein a novel written in the epistolary format. In a novel the use of descriptive language, often including metaphor â€Å"her hair was the brightest living gold† (Ch I, pg 35) or simile â€Å"one vast hand was extended , in colour and apparent texture like that of a mummy† (Ch 24, pg 204) enables the reader to visualise the scene. When Victor Frankenstein is describing the monsters ‘birth’ he tells us: it was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out† (Chapter V, pg 59) In a play, the scene will be set by a director. We take clues from the dialect regarding environment, â€Å"so foul and fair a day I have not seen† (I, 3, 36), we know the battle is won so foul must refer to the weather. Thoughts are conveyed through asides â€Å"Glamis, and Thane of Caw dor: The greatest is behind† (I, 3,115-116), Macbeth has thoughts which he cannot share with Banquo, but Shakespeare needs to make the point that the seed is planted. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another contrast between the two works is the date; In Elizabethan times the genre of horror was not referred to. The works of authors such as Shakespeare, Sackville, and Webster were referred to as ‘Tragedies’ although they had many gothic elements. They were based on history, mainly Greek mythology interesting to note as Shelley’s novel is based on the tale of Prometheus, the titan who was challenged by Zeus to form a man from clay, (Theoi Greek Mythology, 2010). The main ingredient of the gothic novel is the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. Shelley and Shakespeare use similar techniques to create this atmosphere. Shelley, writing in an age of discovery, uses the fear of the unknown; whereas Shakespeare bases Macbeth on the fear of the supernatural. Frankenstein was written in a time when scientists were going crazy in the quest to find answers to everything the concept of a mad scientist would not be so unbelievable. In the mid 1700’s Franklin discovered that lightening was electrical, Volta invented the battery in 1800 and in 1818 Blundell performed the first human blood transfusion (Bone, 2007) – three relevant discoveries that demonstrate the novels appeal. When Shakespeare wrote Macbeth human thinking was very different to today; every misfortune was blamed on supernatural forces, hence the popularity of superstition. There are many elements of superstition in Macbeth, including the owl, the raven and of course numerous references to the power of three three witches, three prophecies and the use of â€Å"thrice† in the witches incantations: â€Å" thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, and thrice again, to make up nine† (I, 3, 33-34). Shelley builds a fear of the unknown through vagueness in several parts of the story. When Walton describes his first encounter with the monster, â€Å"We perceived a low carriage, fixed on a sledge and drawn by dogs, pass on towards the North, but at the distance of half a mile: a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature, sat in the sledge, and guided the dogs. We watched the rapid progress of the traveller with our telescopes, until he was lost among the distant inequalities of the ice† (Letter IV, pg 26) No explanation is given about where he came from or how he got there herefore we are forced to look at the implicitness of this inclusion. Walton then changes subject making the previous subject seem indifferent, however the reader is left wondering what unnatural event has been foreshadowed. In chapter four Victor tells Walton of his obsessive behaviour but will not divulge his secret, leaving the reader in as much suspense as Victor’s audience. â€Å"I see by your eagerness, and the wonder and hope which your eyes expr ess, my friend, that you expect to be informed of the secret with which I am acquainted; that cannot be† (Ch 4, pg 54) Like Shakespeare, Shelley uses elements of supernatural forces, the monster seems to appear from nowhere at various stages – always foreshadowing tragedy, much the same way as the witches do in Macbeth. She is keen to inform us that, unlike the characters in Macbeth, Victor is not affected by superstition, â€Å"I do not ever remember to have trembled at a tale of superstition, or to have feared the apparition of a spirit† (Ch 4, pg 53). This is a complete contrast to the eponymous hero in Shakespeare’s play. Macbeth is traumatised by the appearance of several apparitions including that of Banquo’s ghost: thou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me! † (III, 4, 50-51). Although Shakespeare’s play is predominantly supernatural, Shelly focuses on the unnatural rather than supernatural. The very ‘birth’ of the monster is unnatural, but the same can be said of Macbeth, being born by caesarean section. Macbeth’s creation is completely natural and within Gods laws, in Shelley’s novel Victor is playing the role of God by creating a living being that is not conceived and nurtured in the womb. The monster although designed by Victor to be â€Å"beautiful† (Ch 5, pg 59) is actually quite the opposite: his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriance’s only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight, black lips. †(Ch 5, pg 59) The imagery the reader conjures up is of a horrid, hideous zombie-like creature. The witches in Macbeth are also described as unnatural; What are these, so wither’d and wild in their attire,That they look not like th’inhabitants o’th’earthAnd yet are on’t ? Live you, or are you aughtThat man may question? † (I, 3, 37- 41) What both works definitely have in common is the element of madness brought on by ambition. However the subject of the ambition is a huge contrast; Frankenstein wishes to create a life, while Macbeth wishes to destroy a life. The reasoning for both is the same; they believe they are acting for the good of mankind; Macbeth believes that if the witches have proclaimed it then it must be so; the king’s murder is a necessity. Macbeth is an ambitious man who on hearing the witches prophecy, seeks the opinion of his wife and takes advantage of her ruthfulness. However after the murder, Macbeth becomes indifferent to his wife’s and determines to hold on to his greatness. He murders anyone who stands in his way, including children. Throughout the play hallucinations and apparitions haunt Macbeth, and we get a sense that his lack of sleep and his conscience are sending him mad. In Frankenstein, Victor is driven by his ambition to â€Å"banish disease from the human frame, and render man invulnerable to any but violent death! (Ch 2, pg 41). He becomes obsessed with his quest and like Macbeth his sleep suffers: â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health† (Ch 5, pg59) The main difference here is Frankenstein loses sleep prior to the event due to his obsession to reach his goal; Macbeth loses sleep after the event as a result of his conscience and paranoia: â€Å"sleep no more, Macbeth does murder sleep’, the innocent sleep† (II, 2, 38-39). Both works use many elements of gothic horror within their texts. Shelley’s Frankenstein also meets the criteria of the science fiction novel through its focus on fear of the unknown. Both have elements of stormy weather, settings within castles and macabre, explicit descriptions. The use of extreme emotion is apparent in both, with both Lady Macbeth and Victor fainting at crucial moments. Both protagonists attempt to play God, Frankenstein even acknowledges this, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator† (Ch 4, pg 54). The tragic hero is evident in both works both built up then brought down by a tragic flaw, their obsessive ambition. The tragic irony is that both can only be redeemed by their own deaths. Both works are didactic pieces, intended to make the reader take haste when pursuing unrealistic ambitions, as Walton does and abandons his quest. The moral of both stories is a classic basis for the gothic horror: â€Å"El suano del la razon produce montruos† Francisco Goya 1797(The sleep of reason produces monsters) Bibliography Bone, M. 2007. Timeline of Scientific Discoveries. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. wattpad. com/22971-timeline-of-scientific-discoveries. tml. [Accessed 23 February 11]. Goya F, 1797. The Artchive. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. artchive. com/artchive/G/goya/goya_sleep_of_reason. jpg. html. [Accessed 20 February 11]. Shakespeare, W 2009 [1606]. Macbeth: Oxford School Shakespeare. Oxford University Press, UK. Shelley, M 2001[1818]. Frankenstein (Cliffs Complete).. Cliffs Notes. Wiley. New Jersey Theoi Greek Mythology. 2010. Prometheus: Greek Titan. [ONLINE] Available at: h ttp://www. theoi. com/Titan/TitanPrometheus. html. [Accessed 20 February 11].

How does Seamus Heaney use language to create a rural Irish scene in digging Essays

How does Seamus Heaney use language to create a rural Irish scene in digging Essays How does Seamus Heaney use language to create a rural Irish scene in digging Paper How does Seamus Heaney use language to create a rural Irish scene in digging Paper Essay Topic: Literature Seamus Heaney does a number of things to create the rural Irish scene. Some of the rhyming that he used would not rhyme unless done with an Irish accent, such as sound, ground and down. These are very special northern Irish sounds that have to be used. Also he is dispassionate during the poem like using the word rump instead of a nice word such as lower back. Also the farming aspect creates the typical Irish farmer vision, through generations and generations they are farming. Also he alliterates with buried the bright edge deep using allied consonants. Snug as a gun is assonance because snug and gun are very similar words. Seamus also reminisces about his father and his grandfather. The word lug is a very Irish word and is not commonly used in mainland English. Lug means the straight top part of the spade. Seamus describes how he is digging metaphorically with his pen, for his future generations to come. It is his equivalent of the families spade. Seamus avoids using euphemisms during his poem to produce the harsh reality of what is really there. Squelch and slap is an onomatopoeia meaning a word that sounds likes what it means. There is no regular rhyming pattern throughout the poem. Heaneys father has great skill when it comes to digging, levered firmly and By God, the old man could handle a spade. This shows the reader that country life is not all easy, and even to work on a farm, you need to have quite a lot of skill. The images produced by these words are very effective because they give the reader a picture of a man who is not only digging, but also doing it with immense skill, which is not something, which we usually associate with a job like that. This poem is also about the admiration and respect, which Heaney shows towards his father. The words such as straining show that Heaneys father was working very hard, as he did not break very often because he stooped in rhythm. It is these words, which conjure up such image of Heaneys father never stopping unless he has finished a job, so the images produced, are very effective, because they help us to understand the young boys admiration for his father. Country life is therefore seen as difficult, but there is also the family element too. Heaney wants to be like his father, but the difference between this poem and Follower is that Heaney realises that he has no spade to follow men like them. The continuation of farming from Heaneys grandfather, to Heaneys father, the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man shows the reader that country life is very family orientated, and professions are often carried down from father to son. The images of Heaneys father being taught to dig by his father are very powerful and effective, because they show the reader the strong bonds between people on a farm, and in country life generally. The last line, The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it. show that in the country, it is often expected that people like Heaney will follow in their fathers footsteps, but Heaney is seen here to choose to be a writer. The images of Heaney digging out his memories with pen are very effective because the reader can visualise the likeness between poetry and farming. However, the image is also a surprise, because Heaney says in Follower that he wants to be like his father, but here he has changed his mind. There are three time stages throughout the poem. He talks about himself in the present tense. He speaks of himself in a poetic style. He talks about his father in both the past and present tense. For the present it is very poetic and skilled poetry he unromantically describes him as a straining rump but when he is talking of his father in the past tense it is a heroic, tense relationship. It is a vision of a small boy looking up at his father. The phrase bury the bright edge deep is like a scene out a gladiator in a battle. He talks about it very descriptively nicking and sticking going down and down. This poem consists of a free-flowing memory. It begins with him seeing his father in the present digging in flowerbeds, which then flows to the potato digging that, was done when he was a child, which flows to his grandfather digging up peat. This is like a self-justification of himself at the end of the poem, when he metaphorically digs with his pen like his forefathers did with a spade.

Stories told by Homer and Herodotous abiut women Essay

Stories told by Homer and Herodotous abiut women - Essay Example Even though a number of his stories were imaginary and others imprecise, he claims he was reporting only what was narrated to him and was yet frequently very near to right. Little is well-known of his private history (Peissel 2005, 40-56).The purpose of this essay is to discuss whether the stories narrated by Homer as well as Herodotus concerning women, their acts, and their kidnapping are supported by any proof that may make those tales amount to history Discussion: Reliability Whilst The Histories were sporadically criticized in relic, contemporary historians and philosophers usually take an optimistic outlook. Regardless of the controversy, Herodotus still acts as the key and regularly only, cause for proceedings in the Greek planet, Persian territory, and the area usually in the three centuries leading up until his own moment. Herodotus, similar to numerous ancient historians, favored a component of show to merely investigative history, targeting to give enjoyment with â€Å"thrilling events, huge dramas, and strange exotica.†As such, definite passages have been the topic of disagreement and even some distrust, both in ancient times and at present. The correctness of the writings of Herodotus has been contentious since his own period. Normally, although, he was at that time, and especially is currently, considered as reliable. Numerous philosophers (Aruban, Davidson, Poe, Wesley, Zelenko, Volley and Bernal) antique and current regularly cite Herodotus.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 38

Art - Essay Example The modern Conte crayons are in different assortment of colors that focus primarily on the nuances of shading and designing as opposed to bold coloration. Using Conte crayons, a skilled artist is capable of achieving very subtle shading that is almost photorealistic. Notably, Conte crayon often takes different mode of paining including graphite pencil painting, wax crayon, and watercolor among others (Avery 55). This is the initial stage of drawing and it is often referred to the mapping stage. This stage involves drawing ordinarily on white Lenox 100 paper using a graphite pencil (Avery 57). The above drawing is the road map to indicate where wax should follow. Applying wax on the above drawing leads to a wax crayon that is shown in the figure below The basis of using wax in this sketch is to protect areas that are intended to remain white; therefore, areas that are intended to be visible white are waxed. It is appropriate at this stage to use a reasonable amount of wax, for instance the size of the finger since that is would be sizable to cut. After this procedure, it is appropriate to slightly water the waxed surface to obtain a receptive and even surface. At this stage, it would be appropriate to introduce wash paint. In this case, a very light gray ink wash is introduced. Notably, the gray ink will not be used alone, but it will be mixed with small quantities of black ink. Mixing these two inks shall be done in a large presence of water (Avery 60). After obtaining the uniform ink, the solution is then applied or brushed onto the white paper. Notably, the waxed point will not darken like the rest of the drawing, but it will remain white. The media obtained herein is watercolor media and it is done below. This process can rep eat itself as many times and with different colors as possible, all the repetitions with depend on the artist and type of painting they intend to

Effect of Knowledge Sharing on Personal and Cultural Factors

Effect of Knowledge Sharing on Personal and Cultural Factors Theory of Knowledge With reference to two areas of knowledge discuss the way in which shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge. In this essay, we are faced with the question as to how shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge. Can the world be improved every time each individual contributes his own knowledge for the benefit of someone else? Is knowledge sharing the key to success? Initially, I will provide definitions of key-notions for better understanding of the difference between shared knowledge and personal knowledge, which is summarized by what â€Å"I know† and what â€Å"we know†. According to the Oxford Dictionaries, knowledge is defined as â€Å"facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject†[1]. Personal knowledge is not certainly the same as community knowledge. What an individual knows or how an individual makes knowledge and what community knows are different matters. Personal knowledge is the knowledge acquired through observation or personal experiences by an individual[2]. Shared knowledge is the knowledge shared between people who exchange through information, skills, or expertise[3]. These definitions are neither the correct, nor only definitions of these terms. The classic general example would be with a patient that has a problem with his leg, where the surgeon would want to operate, the pharmacist would want to medicate, the physiotherapist would want to exercise the musco-skeletal system, the priest would pray and so on. Each of them would take its own approach based on his background and shared knowledge held by profession. However, knowledge sharing encompasses not only the sharing of â€Å"great things†, but equally the sharing of â€Å"little things† with the intention of improving the way things get done.[4] Natural Sciences and History provide plenty of examples which show unique study of the past and influence the present. To begin with, can we use a scientific method to develop personal knowledge from shared knowledge? Darwin’s famed evolutionary theories in On the Origin of Species, where the notion that all life is related and descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers, all are related. The organism’s genetic code is altered as the genes mutate, of which the beneficial mutations remain because they ensure survival, a process called â€Å"natural selection†. Survival and adaption is determined by natural selection. Darwin’s theory became a theory in crisis in light of the tremendous advances made in molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics over the years. Thus shared knowledge led Darwin to concede that â€Å"if it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down†[5]. DNA testing reveals our genetic make-up and, along with genetics, is a means of helping scientists to establish reasoni ng behind how species have originated from a common ancestor. The Human Genome Project, through its sequencing of the DNA, can help us understand diseases including viruses and appropriate treatment, identification of different forms of cancer, the design of medication and their effects, advances in forensic and applied sciences, biofuels and other energy applications, agriculture, livestock breeding, bioprocessing; risk assessment, bioarcheology, anthropology, evolution. It becomes clear that knowledge is perishable, increasingly short lived and to get most things done you need to share with people to achieve your objectives[6]. On the other hand, for centuries people believed that life was created from elements and not from eggs, seeds or other ways of reproduction. The first to believe in this theory was Aristotle who based his thinking on the studies that Anaximander and Hippolytus had previously made and said that life came spontaneously like mud and earth when exposed to sunlight. The theory of the spontaneity of life continued to be believed for thousands of years after Aristotle until 1877, when Louis Pasteur proved that this theory was wrong. He showed that it was not possible for maggots to appear on meat in a sealed container[7]. Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation occurs through the growth of micro-organisms and the emergent growth of bacteria is due to biogenesis (all life from life). Thus the â€Å"personal knowledge† of difference is changing which then affects the whole group/the shared knowledge. Although truth is an objective requirement for knowledge, belief is a subjective requirement for it. Reason gives us greater certainty than perception or belief. What we often hear is said that science has proved something. â€Å"Every scientist knows that science advances only if knowledge is shared†, said Dr. Walt Warnick[8] . If scientific knowledge is not shared, then research may not be done accurately. It is better if scientists share their opinions and thoughts in order to progress and succeed in finding new aspects in several different fields. Every single scientist has to have the incentive to share, use and improve his judgment, disclose ideas or being open to everything is more correct. Scientific progress needs a background of careful observation and imagination plays an important role in the development of new scientific ideas. Thus, part of Copernicus’ genius was that while he saw what everyone else saw when he looked at the night sky, he came up with a di fferent way of looking at it, although this idea did not catch on when the Greek astronomer Aristarchus had suggested that the earth goes round the sun as early as the third century BC . Hence, the vast majority of our knowledge is neither personal nor individual but it is knowledge shared with the rest of the knowledge of the community. Despite the success of the natural sciences we need to keep in mind that they do not have a monopoly for knowledge. â€Å"History is but the register of human crimes and misfortunes† said Voltaire. History seeks to reconstruct past on the basis of evidence that can be found in the present. History is knowledge and â€Å"those who don’t study the past are condemned to repeat it† (George Santayana). The emerging concept of knowledge democracy addresses the relationships between knowledge production and distribution of knowledge. Although the Athenian democracy was based on open deliberation and voting and recognized this as a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the world and acting upon that knowledge, it was depended also on the willingness of the citizen participants to accept the implicit assumptions they lived by, and the information on the basis of which they cast their votes. Athenian political culture was based on collective opinion rather than on cer tain knowledge and on the assumption that opinion could be translated on practical reality through democratic political process[9]. Thucydides developed what the world described as historical knowledge and he was supported by the majority of Athenians. Thus the personal knowledge of each Athenian became shared knowledge of all the Athenians and vice versa the shared knowledge of the majority of Athenians became personal knowledge of each one of them. History is not simply concerned with describing the past and explaining it. The study of history is something that can give us good judgment about human affairs. On the other hand, history, as a shared knowledge, is a defence against propaganda. One of the best known examples of the abuse of history is from the Stalinist era in the former Soviet Union and the propaganda within Nazi Germany. Communist propaganda in the Soviet Union was based on the Marxist-Leninist ideology to promote the Communist party. Propaganda was part of education, broadcast by any means possible from schools to cinema, with a goal to build a society on the basis of common ownership of the means of production, where the society would be completely under the control of the state. Propaganda is the art of persuasion and Joseph Goebbels was in charge in Nazi Germany of Hitler. His role was to control and censor information available to the German population that could subject the Nazi party to any hostile or damaging opinions. This meant that the pro-Nazi information broadcast to the public was ever more persuasive in nature. Hitler managed to convince 70 million rational people to engage in horrible atrocities and wage war against the world using his speeches and propaganda[10]. Thus history, which is shared knowledge, is concerned with the past and one obvious problem with trying to know the past is that it no longer exists. History is based on primary sources, but since they are selective interpretation of events they cannot always be taken at face value[11] since memory, emotion, sense perception, reason, faith, belief,language play an important role. In conclusion, what are the implications of this shared knowledge for one’s own individual knowledge? Personal experience, vision and inspiration can contribute to shared knowledge when that personal knowledge is communicated to and accepted by the community as it happened with Copernicus’ or Louis Pasteur’s theories. It could also be argued that the relationship between shared and personal knowledge is bi-directional and inseparable. But, shared knowledge of democracy shaped the personal knowledge of each Athenian. History of one’s own nation might give deeper understanding of one’s own past. Day- to- day work of scientists working within the â€Å"paradigm† has made scientists more aware and more receptive to the evolution of the scientific views, as Thomas Kuhn claimed. However, propaganda during Stalinist or Nazi era show that â€Å"paradigm† shifts are more likely in loose shared knowledge and may cause the total controversy of the world.[12] 1 [1] http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/knowledge [2] http://thelawdictionary.org/personal-knowledge/ [3] Frost, Alan.Knowledge Sharing. KMT. Retrieved 17 April 2013.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_sharing) [4]  http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/ksculture [5] Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics p.35 [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project [7] http://www.toptenz.net/top-10-most-famous-scientific-theories-that-turned-out-to-be-wrong.php [8] http://www.osti.gv/home/ostiblog/knowledge-investment-curve-0 [9] http://web.stanford.edu/group/dispersed_author/docs/ThucydidesCriticism.pdf [10] http://brainblogger.com/2008/11/04/hitlers-guide-to-propaganda-the-psychology-of-coercion/ [11] Theory of Knowledge. Richard van de Lagemaat,p.320 [12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn

Colonization

Although New England and the Chesapeake regions were settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. I have described both societies in an attempt to demonstrate their developments. Virginia Colony In 1607 a group of merchants established England s first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. They operated as a joint-stock company that allowed them to sell shares of stock in their company and use the pooled investment capital to outfit and supply overseas expeditions. This joint tock company operated under a charter from James I with a concern for bringing Christian religion to the native people. However, most of the settlers probably agreed with Captain John Smith that the real aim was profit rather than religion. Profits were elusive in the early years; expectations of gold and other minerals, trade with Indians for beaver and deer skins were not to be had by the colonists. Many Virginia colonists died of dysentery, malaria and malnutrition. The Virginia Company sent a diverse collection of people to Jamestown; there ere artists and glassmakers, as well as unskilled servants. Both types of people adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions. Relations between the colonists and the Indians were bitter from the beginning. John Smith dealt with the Indians by shows of force and the Indians withdrew trade with the English. Many settlers died of starvation in the first years. The discovery that tobacco would grow in the Chesapeake region was a salvation for Virginia. The planters shipped the first crop in 1617 and thereafter tobacco cultivation spread rapidly. By 1624, Virginia was xporting 200,000 pounds of tobacco; by 1638 the crop exceeded 3 million pounds. The cultivation of tobacco caused Virginia s planters to find a reliable supply of cheap labor. To fill this need, planters recruited immigrants from various countries. These immigrants were called indentured servants. They willingly sold a portion of their working lives in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic ocean. Many of the indentured servants were unemployed and held the lower class on the social ladder from their places of origin. Life for indentured servants was often a nightmare. If diseases did not kill them, many succumbed to the brutal work routine that harsh masters imposed upon them. When the remaining servants neared the end of their contract, masters would find ways to add time to the contracts. The profitable tobacco crops created an intense demand for land. As more and more colonists settled along the rivers that flowed in Chesapeake Bay, the local Indian tribes retaliated. The murder of an Indian captain triggered a fierce Indian assault that dealt a staggering blow to Virginia. This attack led to the bankruptcy of the Virginia Company. The surviving planters felt they had justified reasons for the destruction of the Indians. As more settlers arrived, more pressure was placed on the Indians for land. Wars over land was provoked in 1644 and again in 1675. In each of these conflicts, the colonizers were victorious. The native population of Virginia was reduced to less than 1,000 by 1680. Immigrants to the Chesapeake Bay region found existence difficult. Many immigrants arrived as indentured servants and could not marry until their time was paid. Once marriage was made, diseases claimed many within about seven years. Few children growing up could expect to have both parents alive. Widows and widowers often remarried soon after the death of their spouse, creating a complex web of family life. Because of mortality, the Chesapeake settlers remained, for most of the seventeenth-century, a land of immigrants rather than a land of settled families. Social institutions such as churches and schools took root very slowly. The Chesapeake region architecture showed the fragility of life in the tobacco growing environment. Settlers at first built primitive huts and shanties. After establishing crops, planters improved their habitats but still built ramshackle one-room dwellings. Even as Virginia and Maryland matured, cheaply built and cramped houses remained the norm. Life was too uncertain and the tobacco economy was too volatile. Massachusetts Bay Colony While some English settlers scrambled for wealth on the Chesapeake, others were seized by the spirit of religion. These individuals were known as Puritans. They aimed their efforts at reforming the corrupt new land. They wanted the new land to have a special mission in the world. The people attracted to the Puritan movement were not only religious reformers but also men and women who hoped to find changes in English society. They disapproved of the growing withdrawal from traditional restraints of individual action. They worried that individualistic behavior would undermine the notion of community involvement. This community involvement was the belief that people were bound together by reciprocal rights, obligations, and responsibilities. Puritans vowed to reverse the march of disorder, wickedness and disregard for community by imposing a new discipline. Their intention was to establish communities of pure Christians who collectively swore a covenant with God to work for his ends. Civil and religious transgressors were rooted out and severely punished. Their emphasis was on homogeneous communities where the good of the group outweighed individual interests. The first winter for the Puritans was harsh, more than 200 of the first 700 settlers died and 100 others returned to the England in the next spring. But Puritans kept coming. Motivated by their work ethic and sense of mission, the Puritans thrived almost from the beginning. The early leaders were university-trained ministers, experienced members of the lesser gentry and men with a compulsion to fulfill what they knew was God s prophecy for New England. Most of the ordinary settlers came as free men in with families. Trained artisans and farmers from the mid rank of English society, they established close communities where brutal exploitation of labor had no place. The Puritans built a sound economy based on agriculture, fishing, timbering and trading for beaver furs with local Indians. They also established the first printing press and planted they seed of a university, Harvard College. The Puritan leaders also created a tax-supported school system. In 1647, the government ordered every town with 50 families to establish an elementary school and every town with 100 families a secondary school as well. Although the Puritans had made many accomplishments, there were some dissenters from the Puritan way of life. In 1633, Salem s Puritan minister, Roger Williams, began to voice disturbing opinions on church and government policies. Williams denounced mandatory worship and argued that government officials should not interfere with religious matters. In 1634, Anne Hutchinson began to discuss religion, suggesting that the holy spirit was absent in the preaching of some ministers. Hutchinson also offended the male leaders of the colony because she boldly stepped outside the subordinate position expected of women. The village was the vital center of Puritan life. These villages were small and tightly held. Many farmers established agriculture fields set outside the village. Families lived close together in compact towns built around a common meeting place. These small, communal villages kept families in close touch. Land was istributed to individuals according to the size of his family, his wealth and his usefulness to the church and town. It was believed that every family should have enough land to sustain it, and prospering men were expected to use their wealth for the community s benefit, not for themselves. Women played a vital role in this family centered society. The presence of women and a stable family life strongly affected New England s architecture. Early economic gains were transformed into substantial housing. Well constructed one-room houses with sleeping lofts quickly replaced the huts. Parlors and lean-to kitchens were added as soon as possible. Education was stressed in Puritan communities. Placing religion at the center of their lives, Puritans emphasized the ability to read catechisms, psalmbooks and especially the Bible. The 20,000 English immigrants who had come to New England by 1649 were dispersed from Maine to Long Island. It was only natural that farmers wished for better farm land. To combat the problems of dispersion, Puritan leaders established a broad intercolony political structure in 1643 called the Confederation of New England. This first attempt at federalism managed to function fitfully for a generation. Although the Puritans built stable communities, developed the economy and constructed effective government, their leaders, as early as the 1640s, complained that the founding vision of Massachusetts Bay was faltering. Material concerns seemed to outweigh religious commitments and the individual prevailed over the community. However, New England had achieved economic success and political stability by the end of the seventeenth century. Towns functioned efficiently, poverty was uncommon, public education was mandated and family life was stable.

Christian Leader Audit Sample Essay

The Christian Leader Audit helps determine the overall strength of the leader as a Christian. Is the leader a strong Christian leader, above average Christian leader and so on? As Malphurs exclaims, as Christian leaders our â€Å"mandate is to lead Christianly regardless of the context.† This audits one’s commitment to Christ, godly character, reliance on God and ability to live by example. I scored a nine on the audit and according to my score I am a strong Christian leader. Practicing servant leadership was a given for me. It has always been a passion of mine to serve others in any way possible. I have always believed that you must lead by example. In student ministry this often means that I look for opportunities to serve students so that they can see in living color what being a servant looks like. Some examples would be sharing what I have with students. I find that any time I can share a meal with someone or share some money with someone in need that this a great opportunity for me to lead by example. Often, I find myself not just asking others to clean up but I join them in cleaning up. I try to make sure that I never have the attitude that I am â€Å"too good† to do something. As I further reflected on this audit I found that while most of the time I lead by the power of the Holy Spirit there are times when I launch out ahead of the Holy Spirit on my own. I often find myself praying that I would not get ahead of the Spirit but if I am honest I will admit that I get excited or at times frustrated and move out on my own. This was a good reminder for me that I must always be sensitive to God’s Spirit as I lead others making sure that I am staying in stride with God’s Spirit and not pulling ahead or falling behind. Aubrey Malphurs, Being Leaders:The Nature of Authentic Christian Leadership, (Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Books:2003), 13.

World War I, One Of The Greatest Military Conflicts Of

World War I, one of the greatest military conflicts of all time, began in 1914 after Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination. Trouble had been brewing in Europe, particularly in the Balkan region, before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand served as the spark which finally ignited the powder keg. This would set into motion a military conflict which would drag on for many years and would leave over 16 million people dead at the end of the war. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand occurred on June 28, 1914 in Bosnia where he was shot by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. This would set off a series of events which by the end of July would signal the official start to World War I. This conflict would start out seeing Russia,†¦show more content†¦Both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers attempted to use propaganda to sway the United States’ public opinion on the conflict as well. Much of this propaganda is extremely famous and well-known, such as the propaganda featuring German atrocities and some Uncle Sam propaganda. These factors put increasing pressure on the United States to act and choose a side in the conflict. The United States remained steadfast in its opposition to entering the war, but its neutrality would be tested many times in the coming years. As the years progressed, the pressure was ratcheted up on the United States as both sides began to contest what the United States considered free International waters. Great Britain controlled the North Atlantic Ocean and began refusing to allow American goods to be shipped to the Central Powers, particularly goods shipped to Germany. They declared that this cargo in international waters was to be considered contraband, and they would seize these goods as they were being transported. Woodrow Wilson protested these acts, declaring they were illegal, yet did not seek to retaliate against Great Britain. 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